• PBI is an agonist of GPR and acts as an

  2022-01-11

  

  PBI-4050 is an agonist of GPR40 and acts as an antagonist or inverse agonist of GPR84. It cannot be excluded that other targets besides GPR40 and GPR84 could be implicated in the mechanism of action of PBI-4050 and could be explored in future studies. However, the present study, and in particular th

• GSK can function in regulating

  2022-01-11

  

  GSK-3 can function in regulating insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. Inactivation of GSK-3 activity results in dephosphorylation and activation of GS that leads to improved glucose tolerance. However, there are additional mechanisms that can lead to increases in GS activity and improve insulin

• br Acknowledgement br Introduction Malignant

  2022-01-11

  

  Acknowledgement Introduction Malignant melanoma is an aggressive and highly metastatic cancer. The incidence of malignant melanoma is increasing all over the world, and the population of patients with advanced melanoma is growing [1], [2]. Malignant melanoma is often resistant to conventional

• Decreasing GSK activity has therapeutic benefits in animal

  2022-01-11

  

  Decreasing GSK-3β activity has therapeutic benefits in animal model of colitis [45] and traumatic Candesartan injury [46] and ischemia/reperfusion injury [47,48]. In brain, activation of GSK-3β promotes Aβ toxicity by elevating APP expression and its amyloidogenic cleavage, and by dysregulating Aβ

• br GPR is a class A GPCR expressed on pancreatic

  2022-01-11

  

  GPR119 is a class A GPCR expressed on pancreatic β-cells and certain enteroendocrine Biotin-azide which upon activation with an agonist, increases insulin secretion in response to rising glucose levels. Mechanistically, this insulinotropic effect is bifurcated involving both GPR119-mediated β-cel

• Fludara br Specificity of CD T cells and

  2022-01-11

  

  Specificity of CD4 T cells and their role in flavivirus neutralizing antibody responses CD4 T cells recognize peptides that are proteolytically processed from protein antigens and presented by MHC class II molecules on the surface of specialized antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells o

• br Methods and materials br

  2022-01-11

  

  Methods and materials Acknowledgements The authors thank the NIH AIDS Reagent Program for providing the materials and reagents. The HIV-1 1084i envelope gene was a generous gift from Dr. Charles Wood. This work was supported in part by grants to S.-H. X. from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundat

• In the liver ghrelin has opposite effects to

  2022-01-10

  

  In the liver, ghrelin has opposite effects to insulin on the expression of the enzyme PEPCK, thereby promoting gluconeogenesis and also causing a decrease in glucose uptake and fatty Atglistatin oxidation (Rigault et al., 2007). Ghrelin also stimulates hepatic lipogenesis de novo in a GH-independent

• br Gap junctions hemichannels and connexins Molecular charac

  2022-01-10

  

  Gap junctions, hemichannels and connexins: Molecular characteristics and function Cell-to-cell communication is of extreme importance in tissue homeostasis, which is maintained by transmission of regulatory signals (Fig. 1). Intercellular communication via gap junctions (GJs) represents one of th

• The present data suggest that the decrease

  2022-01-10

  

  The present data suggest that the decrease of liver BAs was mainly due to the decrease of hepatic BAs synthesis because the BA synthetic enzymes Cyp7a1, Cyp7b1 and Cyp8b1 were markedly reduced. The increase may also be due to the increase of hepatic BAs efflux, because the liver BA efflux transporte

• This study introduces a mouse

  2022-01-10

  

  This study introduces a mouse model carrying the point mutation R258W in Ffar1, which abolishes the stimulation of insulin secretion in response to long chain fatty acids. The minimal genetic alteration mirrors the human situation and has the advantage over conventional knockout/congenic mouse model

• SCH is a H R receptor antagonist introduced

  2022-01-10

  

  SCH-497079 is a H3R receptor antagonist introduced by Schering-Plough, without any publicized pharmacological and structural information. A Phase II clinical trial assessment of SCH-497079 on weight has been completed in a multicenter, randomized, parallel-group and placebo-controlled study in obese

• br Funding br Conflict of interest statement br

  2022-01-10

  

  Funding Conflict of interest statement References and recommended reading Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review, have been highlighted as: Acknowledgements Introduction Recent papers have shown that Interferon-free hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapies with

• Not all metals are susceptible of being

  2022-01-10

  

  Not all metals are susceptible of being accumulated by insects. Tissue concentrations of essential metals like Cu and Zn are regulated in many insects and hence cannot be used to biomonitor metal pollution (Hare, 1992). A similar behaviour could explain the observed stability of Zn and Cu relative t

• br Author contributions br Conflict of interest br Acknowled

  2022-01-10

  

  Author contributions Conflict of interest Acknowledgments We appreciate technical support of the Research Support Center at the Graduate School of Medical Sciences of the Kyushu University. This study was supported by the Uehara Memorial Foundation and a KAKENHI grant from the Ministry of E

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